Synthesis of nicotine derivatives from nicotine

ABSTRACT

Methods of synthesizing nicotine analogs and derivatives are described. In some embodiments the methods utilize an alkyl or aryl silyl-substituted nicotine analog intermediate. Intermediates useful for the synthesis of nicotine and nicotine analogs are also described.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/497,826, filed Aug. 26, 2003, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns methods and intermediates useful for the synthesis of compounds active for modulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Acetylcholine receptors are involved in the modulation of of a variety of physiological and behavioral functions, including neuroendocrine function, respiration, mood, motor control and function, focus and attention, concentration, memory and cognition, and substance abuse. Ligands for acetylcholine receptors have been demonstrated to have effects on attention, cognition, appetite, substance abuse, memory, extrapyramidal function, cardiovascular function, pain and gastrointestinal motility and function. The distribution of acetylcholine receptors that bind nicotine, i.e., nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, is widespread in the brain. In the periphery, acetylcholine receptors are found in muscle, autonomic ganglia, the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovascular system (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,011).

Acetylcholine receptors have been shown to be decreased, among other things, in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, as well as diseases associated with dementia, motor dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Such correlations between acetylcholine receptors and nervous system disorders suggest that compounds that modulate acetylcholine receptors will have beneficial therapeutic effects for many human nervous system disorders. U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,011 to McDonald et al., assigned to SIBIA Neuroscience, describes compounds such as SIB-1508Y that modulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Such compounds are useful for, among other things, the treatment of Parkinson's disease. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,477 to McDonald et al. Unfortunately, nicotine analogs are difficult compounds to synthesize, and there is a continuing need for new methods of making the same, as well as intermediates useful for the synthesis of nicotine analogs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the present invention is a method of making a compound of Formula i:

wherein:

-   -   R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group         consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and         halo, preferably H or alkyl (e.g. methyl);     -   R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and         alkyl (e.g., methyl); and     -   R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each independently selected from the group         consisting of alkyl and aryl, preferably alkyl such as methyl.         The method comprises:     -   reacting a compound of the formula:         with lithium and a compound of the formula XSiR²⁰R²¹R²², where X         is halo, in a polar aprotic solvent to produce the compound of         Formula i.

A second aspect of the present invention is a method of making a compound of Formula ii:

wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶ are as given above, R⁷ is as given above, and R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are as given above. The method comprises oxidizing a compound of Formula i as given above to produce the compound of Formula ii.

A third aspect of the present invention is a method of making a compound of Formula iii:

-   -   wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶ are as given above, R⁷ is as given above,         R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group         consisting of H, alkyl and aryl, preferably H or alkyl (e.g.,         methyl), and R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are as given above. The method         comprises reacting a compound of Formula i as given above with a         compound of the formula:         where X is halo such as chloro in a polar aprotic solvent to         produce the compound of Formula iii.

A fourth aspect of the present invention is a method of making a compound of Formula iv:

wherein R² and R⁶ are as given above, R^(5a) is ary, such as phenyl; and R⁷ is as given above. The method comprises reacting a compound of formula i as given above, wherein wherein R⁵ is H, and R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are as given above, with a compound of the formula:

in a polar organic solvent containing fluoride to produce the compound of Formula iv.

A further aspect of the present invention is a method of making a compound of Formula VI:

wherein R² and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and halo (preferably H or alkyl such as methyl), and R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and alkyl (preferably methyl). The method comprises reacting a compound of Formula V:

with a compound of formula:

where R¹⁴ is alkyl (such as methyl) to produce the compound of Formula VI:

A further aspect of the present invention is a method of making a compound of Formula V as given above. The method comprises reacting a compound of Formula IV:

where R², R⁶ and R⁷ are as given above with sulfur to produce the compound of Formula V.

A further aspect of the present invention is a method of making a compound of Formula IV as given above. The method comprises reacting a compound of Formula III:

wherein R², R⁶ and R⁷ are as given above and R¹¹ is alkyl or aryl, preferably alkyl, with a base to produce the compound of Formula IV.

A further aspect of the present invention is a method of making a compound of Formula III as given above. The method comprises reacting a compound of Formula II:

wherein R², R⁶, R⁷, and R¹¹ are as given above, with a compound of the formula POX₃, where X is halo, and a formamide to produce the compound of Formula III.

A further aspect of the present invention is a method of producing a compound of Formula II as given above. The method comprises reacting a compound of Formula I:

wherein R², R⁶, R⁷, R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are as given above (note compounds of Formulas i and Formulas I are the same herein) with a compound of the formula:

where R¹¹ is as given above to produce the compound of Formula II.

A further aspect of the present invention is compounds of Formulas i, ii, iii and iv above, and compounds of Formulas I, II, III, IV and V above, which compounds are useful, among other things, as compounds havinig nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulating activity, and as intermediates for making compounds having nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulating activity, all as described in greater detail below.

The foregoing and other objects and aspects of the present invention are explained in greater detail below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

“Alkyl” as used herein refers to straight or branched chain alkyl groups having in the range of about 1 up to 12 carbon atoms. “Lower alkyl” refers to straight or branched chain alkyl radicals having in the range of about 1 up to 4 carbon atoms. Alkyl and loweralkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted unless specified otherwise herein; “substituted alkyl” refers to alkyl, cycloalkyl or lower alkyl groups further bearing one or more substituents such as hydroxy, alkoxy (of a lower alkyl group), aryl, mercapto (of a lower alkyl group), halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, amino, carboxyl, carbamate, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, and the like. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.

“Alkoxy” as used herein refers to a compound of the formula RO—, where R is alkyl or loweralkyl (which may be substituted or unsubstitued unless specified otherwise) as given above.

“Alkenyl” refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl groups such as alkyl or loweralkyl groups as described above (and which may be substituted or unsubstituted unless specified otherwise) and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

“Alkynyl” refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl groups such as alkyl or loweralkyl groups as described above (and which may be substituted or unsubstituted unless specified otherwise) and having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

“Aryl,” as used herein, refers to a monocyclic carbocyclic ring system or a bicyclic carbocyclic fused ring system having one or more aromatic rings. Examples of aryl include but are not limited to azulenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, phenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like. The aryl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted unless specified otherwise and when substituted can for example be substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, aryl, aryloxy, azido, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, aryloxy, carboxy, cyano, formyl, halogen, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, nitro, sulfamyl, sulfo, sulfonate, —NR′R″ (wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl and formyl), and —C(O)NR′R″ (wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, and formyl).

“Halo” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodos.

The disclosures of all United States patent references cited herein are to be incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In a first aspect, the present invention provides a set of reactions for the synthesis of derivatives from nicotine and nicotine analogs. This set of reactions is referred to with reference to compounds of Formulas i-iv herein. Thus in one respect the present invention provides a method of making a compound of Formula i:

wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and halo (preferably H and alkyl, most preferably H), R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and alkyl (preferably alkyl, most preferably methyl), and R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² are alkyl or aryl (preferably alkyl, most preferably methyl). Compounds that may be used as starting materials for the reactions described herein (including the preparation of compounds of Formula i) include both nicotine and nicotine analogs and derivatives, particularly analogs substituted at the 2 and 6 position, including but not limited to those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,594,011 and 5,723,477. The method comprises reacting a precursor nicotine or nicotine analog such as compounds of the formula:

(which precursor nicotine or nicotine analog may be produced in accordance with known techniques as noted above) with lithium (e.g., lithium powder) and a compound of the formula XSiR²⁰R²¹R²² where X is halo preferably chloro (and the compound is preferably trialkylchlorosilane, most preferably trimethylchlorosilane) in a polar aprotic solvent (such as tetrahydrofuran) to produce the compound of Formula i. The method may be carried out for any suitable time and temperature, such as −20° C. to 25° C. or more, and is preferably carried out at a temperature of about 0° C.

A further aspect of the present invention is a method of making a compound of Formula ii:

wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶, R⁷, R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are as given above. The method comprises oxidizing a compound of Formula i as described above to produce the compound of Formula ii. The method may be carried out with any suitable oxidizing agent, preferably air. Compounds of Formula ii are useful as insecticides for insects such as mosquitos and are useful as intermediates for making nicotine and nicotine analogs.

The present invention further provides a method of making a compound of Formula iii:

wherein R², R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are as described above, and R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, and aryl (preferably alkyl, most preferably methyl). In general, the method comprises reacting a compound of Formula i as described above with a compound of the formula

where X is halo, preferably chloro. The reaction may be carried out in a polar aprotic solvent, preferably methylene chloride, at any suitable temperature, typically from 0° C. to 100° C., and preferably at room temperature.

The present invention further provides a method of making a compound of Formula iv:

wherein R^(5a) is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and R², R⁶ and R⁷ are as given above. The method comprises reacting a compound of formula i, wherein R⁵ is H, with a compound of the formula:

in a polar organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran containing fluoride (preferably by addition of a fluoride source such as TBAF) to produce said compound of Formula iv.

Reactions for the synthesis of compounds such as SIB-1508Y. In another respect, the present invention provides methods for the synthesis of compounds having acetylcholine receptor modulating activity including pharmaceutical compounds or insecticides from nicotine and nicotine analogs. These methods are referred to with respect to compounds of Formulas I-VI herein. In one aspect, such methods involve methods of making compounds of Formula II:

wherein R¹¹ is alkyl or aryl (preferably alkyl, most preferably methyl), and R², R⁶, and R⁷ are as given above. Such compounds may be made by reacting a compound of Formula i above (in this section referred to as Formula I):

with a compound of the formula:

(wherein R¹¹ is as given above) in a polar aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran containing fluoride (e.g., by addition of tetrabutylammonium fluoride or other appropriate fluoride source) to produce the compound of Formula II. The reaction may be carried out at any suitable temperature, for example from 10 to 50 or 75° C., preferably room temperature.

A further aspect of the invention is a method of making compounds of Formula III:

wherein R², R⁶, R⁷ and R¹¹ is as given above. Such compounds may be produced by reacting a compound of Formula II as described above with POX₃ where X is halo, preferably chloro, and a formamide (preferably a dialkyl formamide and most preferably dimethylformamide) in a polar aprotic solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride or the like to produce said compound of Formula III. The reaction may be carried out at any suitable temperature, typically between room temperature and 100° C.

A further aspect of the present invention is a method of making compounds of Formula IV:

wherein R², R⁶ and R⁷ are as given above. Such methods generally involve reacting a compound of Formula III as described above with a a base, preferably a mild base such as triethylamine, an alkoxide or methoxide such as sodium, lithium or potassium alkoxide or methoxide, in a polar organic solvent (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol) to produce the compound of Formula IV. The reaction can be carried out under any suitable conditions, typically from 0 to 100° C., preferably at room temperature.

The present invention provides methods of making compounds of Formula V:

(wherein R², R⁶ and R⁷ are as given above) by reacting a compound of Formula IV as described above with sulfur (e.g., elemental sulfur) in a polar or nonpolar organic solvent (e.g., toluene, benzene, higher molecular weight non-polar solvents, alcohols) to produce the compound of Formula V. Such reactions may be carried out under any suitable conditions, preferably by reflux, for any suitable time (e.g., 1-24 hours).

Finally, the present invention provides methods of making compounds of Formula VI:

wherein R², R⁶ and R⁷ are as given above. The methods comprise reacting a compound of Formula V as described above with a compound of formula:

wherein R¹⁴ is alkyl, preferably methyl, in the presence of a strong base (i.e., potassium tert-butoxide) in a polar aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran to produce the compound of Formula VI.

Compounds of Formula VI are useful in the manners described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,011 to McDonald et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,477 to McDonald et al., and compounds of Formulas I-V are useful as intermediates for making the same.

In summary, methods and intermediates of the present invention are useful for producing pharmacologically and pharmaceutically active compounds, including compounds useful for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, motor dynsfunction and cognitive impairment in human and animal subjects, as well as compounds for use as an alternative to nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation programs, as insecticides, etc.

The present invention is explained in greater detail in the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES 1-3 Preparation of Enantiopure Nicotine Derivatives i-iv

EXAMPLES 1-2 Preparation of (S)-3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,4-bis-trimethylsilanyl-1,4-dihydro-pyridine (i) and (S)-3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4-trimethylsilanylpyridine (ii)

To a suspension of lithium powder (0.42 g, 60 mmol) in freshly distilled THF (20 mmol) cooled at −10° C. was added freshly distilled trimethylchlorosilane (7.6 mL, 60 mmol). A solution of (S)-nicotine (3.2 mL, 20 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was injected dropwise over 20 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The precipitate formed was decanted over 2 h and the liquid portion was canulated into a 2 neck flask mounted with a distillation apparatus under Ar. After removal of the THF by distillation at atmospheric pressure, the product was distilled under vacuum (1.5 mm Hg, bp=130-135° C.) to give 71% (4.36 g) of 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,4-bis-trimethylsilanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine i as a yellow oil (95% pure by NMR). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.24 (s, 1H), 5.78-5.72 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.4-1.4 (m, 10H), 0.08 (s, 9H), −0.05 (s, 9H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 127.49, 126.41, 121.14, 102.08, 101.00, 66.67, 57.21, 41.05, 32.52, 26.41, 21.84, −0.83, −0.90, −2.43, −2.64. HRMS Calcd for C₁₆H₃₂N₂Si₂: 309.2182 [M+H]⁺. Found: 309.2166 [M+H]⁺.

3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,4-bis-trimethylsilanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine i is easily converted to 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4-trimethylsilanylpyridine ii when in contact with air. Compound ii can be purified by RPLC (silica gel, 5% EtOAc/hex) to give a clear oil. IR (thin film, neat, NaCl): 2955, 2768, 1338, 1243, 1844 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.86 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz), 7.28 (dd, 1H, J=1.2 and 6.8 Hz), 3.36-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.35-1.60 (m, 8H), 0.37 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDC₃) δ 149.16, 147.64, 147.01, 127.88, 68.89, 56.94, 40.45, 36.50, 22.82, 0.51. HRMS Calcd for C₁₃H₂₂N₂Si: 235.1631[M+H]⁺. Found: 235.1639 [M+H]⁺. [α]²⁵ _(D)−124.1 (CH₂Cl₂, c=4.9).

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of (S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4-trimethylsilanyl-4H-pyridine-1-carboxylic Acid Dimethylamide (iii)

To a stirred solution of 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,4-bis-trimethylsilanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine i (0.2 mL, 1.36 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) under Ar was added dropwise dimethylcarbamyl chloride (0.19 mL, 2.04 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 day. It was then poured into a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (3 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (5 times). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine and dried over MgSO₄. Evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure afforded 0.49 g of crude material that was purified by RPLC (silica gel, 5% EtOAc/hex) to give 59% (0.2506 g) of 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4-trimethylsilanyl-4H-pyridine-1-carboxylic acid dimethylamide iii as a clear oil. IR (thin film, neat, NaCl): 3363, 2924, 2348, 1657, 1449, 1377 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.65 (d, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 6.35 (s 1H), 4.83-4.78 (m, 1H), 3.14-3.09 (m, 1H), 2.88 (s, 6H), 2.80-1.25 (m, 13H), 0.085 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 149.29, 147.15, 128.04, 124.49, 120.09, 106.29, 68.23, 57.35, 41.47, 38.53, 33.04, 30.34, 29.91, 22.37, 0.63, −2.00. HRMS Calcd for C₁₆H₂₉N₃OSi: 308.2157 [M+H]⁺. Found: 308.2157 [M+H]⁺. [α]²⁵ _(D)−15.17 (CH₂Cl₂, c=0.145).

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of (S)-3-benzyl-5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-pyridine iv

To a stirred solution of benzaldehyde (0.07 mL, 0.75 mmol) in freshly distilled THF was added dropwise 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,4-bis-trimethylsilanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine i (0.21 g, 0.68 mmol). A degassed solution of TBAF in THF (1 M) stored over molecular sieves was slowly added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred under Ar at RT for one day. It was then poured into a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃. The product was extracted with diethyl ether (2 times). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by RPLC (silica gel, 10% MeOH/EtOAc) to give 31% (0.0525 g) of (S)-3-benzyl-5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-pyridine iv as a clear oil. IR (thin film, neat, NaCl): 3236, 2954, 2778, 1666, 1613, 1449, 1037 cm⁻¹. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.40-8.34 (m, 2H), 7.88 (dd, 1H, J=1.6 and 13.2 Hz), 7.37-7.24 (m, 4H), 5.84 (s, 1H), 3.13-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.25-1.69 (m, 10H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 148.43, 147.42, 143.90, 140.11, 138.19, 133.30, 133.25, 128.82, 127.95, 126.81, 74.24, 74.03, 69.15, 57.04, 40.47, 35.10, 22.51. HRMS Calcd for C₁₇H₂₀N₂: 252.1626 [M+H]⁺. Found: 252.1635 [M+H]⁺. [α]²⁵ _(D)−26 (CH₂Cl₂, c=1.51).

EXAMPLES 5-9 Preparation of (S)-(−)-5-ethenyl-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine Maleate VI (SIB-1508Y)

These examples show the preparation of a compound, SIB-1508, by methods and intermediates of the present invention. Note that compound I is the same as compound i in examples 1-4 above, but that compounds II-IV herein are different structures than those assigned compound numbers ii-iv in Examples 1-4 above.

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of (S)-3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4H-pyridine-1-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester II

To a solution of dimethyl carbonate (0.05 mL, 0.6 mmol) in 2 mL of dry THF was slowly added 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,4-bis-trimethylsilanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine I (0.2 mL, 0.68 mmol). A solution of TBAF in THF (0.06 mL, 0.06 mmol) was then introduced dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃. The aqueous layer was extracted with ether (2 times), and the combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over K₂CO₃. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude material was purified by RPLC (hexanes) to afford 0.1374 g (91%) of 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4H-pyridine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester II as a clear oil. IR (thin film, neat, NaCl): 2949, 2826, 2764, 1721, 1695, 1437, 1334, 1313, 1194, 983 cm⁻¹. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.68-6.51 (m, 2H), 4.88-4.77 (m, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.95-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.93 (m, 5H), 1.68-1.53 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) δ 151.81, 123.15, 122.74, 120.28, 119.63, 118.08, 117.71, 106.22, 105.94, 70.37, 56.60, 53.05, 40.16, 40.08, 28.76, 28.38, 22.37, 21.56, 21.05. HRMS Calcd for C₁₂H₁₈N₂O₂: 223.1447 [M+H]⁺. Found: 223.1434 [M+H]⁺. [α]²⁴ _(D)−65.5 (c=8, CH₂Cl₂).

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of (S)-3-formyl-5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4H-pyridine-1-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester (III)

To a solution of DMF (0.04 mL, 0.54 mmol) in 4 mL of CH₂Cl₂ cooled at 0° C. was slowly added POCl₃ (0.025 mL, 0.27 mmol). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at RT for 30 min. It was then transferred via a double tipped needle to a solution of 3-(1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-4H-pyridine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester II (0.0404 g, 0.18 mmol) in 4 mL of CH₂Cl₂ cooled at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 day. A solution of NaOAc (0.024 g, 0.29 mmol) in 0.5 mL of water was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 20 min. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ was slowly added until pH was basic (about 10 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4 times), and the combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄. After evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the crude material was purified by RPLC (15% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 0.0241 g (54%) of (S)-3-formyl-5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4H-pyridine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester III as white crystals, mp 78-80° C. IR (thin film, neat, NaCl): 2955, 2767, 1731, 1667, 1620, 1437, 1394, 1203, 991 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 9.45 (s, 1H), 7.65 (m, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.12-3.07 (m, 1H), 2.93 (s, 2H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.12 (m, 3H), 1.81-1.62 (m, 5H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) δ 191.13, 141.44, 122.61, 120.52, 118.42, 69.75, 56.98, 54.47, 40.61, 29.45, 22.91, 19.86. HRMS Calcd for C₁₃H₁₈N₂O₃: 251.1396 [M+H]⁺. Found: 251.1390 [M+H]⁺. [α]²⁵ _(D)−51.7 (c=0.8, CH₂Cl₂).

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of (S)-5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carbaldehyde (IV)

To a solution of (S)-3-formyl-5-(1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-4H-pyridine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester III (0.0124 g, 0.05 mmol) in 2 mL of anhydrous MeOH was slowly added triethylamine (0.02 mL, 0.15 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 day. Evaporation of the solvent afforded a quantitative yield (0.010 g) of (S)-5-(1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,4-dihydro-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde IV as a yellow oil. The product was used without further purification. IR (thin film, neat, NaCl): 3416-3244, 2957, 1595, 1509, 1377, 1228 cm⁻¹. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 9.14 (s, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.00-5.99 (m, 1H), 3.05-3.00 (m, 3H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.11 (m, 4H), 1.83-1.67 (m, 4H); ³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) δ 189.59, 146.95, 119.91, 119.01, 112.67, 70.03, 57.03, 40.69, 28.96, 22.80, 20.37. HRMS Calcd for C₁₁H₁₆N₂O: 193.1341 [M+H]⁺. Found: 193.1334 [M+H]⁺. [α]²⁸ _(D)−80.7 (c=0.55, CH₂Cl₂).

EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of (S)-5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (V)

A solution of (S)-5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carbaldehyde IV (0.011 g, 0.044 mmol) and elemental sulfur (0.0015 g, 0.044 mmol) in 2 mL of toluene was refluxed for 1 day. After filtration through a pad of Celite, and evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the crude material was purified by RPLC (silica gel, 5% EtOAc/hexanes then EtOAc) to afford 0.007 g (83%) of 5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbaldehyde V as a clear oil. IR (thin film, neat, NaCl): 2950, 1586, 1370, 1120 cm⁻¹. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 10.13-10.12 (m, 1H), 8.97-8.96 (m, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.38-1.67 (m, 4H); ³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 191.26, 154.81, 150.91, 135.13, 131.69, 68.53, 57.19, 40.64, 40.64, 35.66, 23.02. HRMS Calcd for C₁₁H₁₄N₂O: 191.1184 [M+H]⁺. Found: 191.1182 [M+H]⁺. [α]²³ _(D)−92 (c=0.2, CH₂Cl₂).

EXAMPLE 9 Revised Preparation of (S)-3-ethynyl-5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) Pyridine or SIB-1508Y (VI)

To a solution of tBuOK in THF (0.08 mL, 0.08 mmol) cooled at −78° C. was added dropwise a solution of methyl diazomethyl phosphonate in THF (0.1 mL, 0.08 mmol). The solution was stirred at −78° C. for 5 min, then a solution of 5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (V) (0.0126 g, 0.066 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added via a double tipped needle. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 16 h then allowed to warm to RT over 2 h. After evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the crude material was purified by RPLC (silica gel, 10% EtOAC/hexanes) to afford 0.0061 g (51%) of 3-ethynyl-5-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-pyridine (VI) as a clear oil. The data were identical to those described in the literature (Bleicher, L. S.; Cosford, N. P. D.; Herbault, A.; McCallum, J. S.; McDonald, I. A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 1109).

The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein. 

1. A method of making a compound of Formula i:

wherein: R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and halo, R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and alkyl; and R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl; said method comprising: reacting a compound of the formula:

with lithium and a compound of the formula XSiR²⁰R²¹R²², where X is halo, in a polar aprotic solvent to produce said compound of Formula i.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each H.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each methyl.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein R⁷ is methyl.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein X is Cl.
 6. A method of making a compound of Formula ii:

wherein: R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and halo, R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and alkyl; and R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl; said method comprising: oxidizing a compound of Formula i:

to produce said compound of Formula ii.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each H.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each methyl.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein R⁷ is methyl.
 10. The method of claim 6, wherein said oxidizing step is an air oxidizing step.
 11. A method of making a compound of Formula iii:

wherein: R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and halo, R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and alkyl; R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl and aryl, and R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl; said method comprising: reacting a compound of Formula i:

with a compound of the formula:

where X is halo in a polar aprotic solvent to produce said compound of Formula iii.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each H, and wherein R¹² and R¹³ are each H or alkyl.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each methyl.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein R⁷ is methyl.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein X is Cl.
 16. A method of making a compound of Formula iv:

wherein R² and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and halo, R^(5a) is aryl; and R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and alkyl; said method comprising: reacting a compound of formula i

wherein R⁵ is H, and R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl; with a compound of the formula:

in a polar organic solvent containing fluoride to produce said compound of Formula iv.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each H.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each methyl.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein R⁷ is methyl.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein R^(5a) is phenyl.
 21. A method of making a compound of Formula VI:

wherein: R² and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and halo, and R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and alkyl; comprising the steps of reacting a compound of Formula V:

with a compound of formula:

where R¹⁴ is alkyl to produce said compound of Formula VI:
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein said compound of Formula V is produced by reacting a compound of Formula IV:

with sulfur in a polar or nonpolar organic solvent to produce said compound of Formula V.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said compound of Formula IV is produced by reacting a compound of Formula III:

wherein R¹¹ is alkyl or aryl, with a base in a polar organic solvent to produce said compound of Formula IV.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said compound of Formula III is produced by reacting a compound of Formula II:

with POX₃, where X is halo, and a formamide in a polar aprotic solvent to produce said compound of Formula III.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said compound of Formula II is produced by reacting a compound of Formula I:

wherein R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are alkyl or aryl with a compound of the formula:

in a polar aprotic solvent containing fluoride to produce said compound of Formula II.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein R² and R⁶ are H, and R⁷ is methyl.
 27. The method of claim 21, wherein R¹⁴ is methyl.
 28. The method of claim 23, wherein R¹¹ is methyl.
 29. The method of claim 24, wherein X is chloro.
 30. The method of claim 25, wherein R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each methyl.
 31. A compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of Formula i, Formula ii and Formula iii:

wherein: R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and halo, R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and alkyl; R¹² and R¹³ are H or alkyl; and R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl.
 32. The compound of claim 31, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula i.
 33. The compound of claim 31, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula ii.
 34. The compound of claim 31, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula iii.
 35. A compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, and Formula V:

wherein: R², R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and halo, R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of consisting of H and alkyl; and R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl.
 36. A compound of claim 35, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula II.
 37. A compound of claim 35, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula III.
 38. A compound of claim 35, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula IV.
 39. A compound of claim 35, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula V. 